1. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006-. Vitamin B12. [Updated 2021 Oct 18]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534419/
2. Daphna K Dror, Lindsay H Allen, Vitamin B-12 in Human Milk: A Systematic Review, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 9, Issue suppl_1, May 2018, Pages 358S–366S, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmx019
3. Pawlak R, Vos P, Shahab-Ferdows S, et al. Vitamin B-12 content in breast milk of vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian lactating women in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108:525–31.
1. Levie et al. Maternal Iodine Status and Child IQ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, December 2019, 104(12):5957–5967
2. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Volume 22Levie et al Maternal Iodine Status and Child IQ J Clin Endocrinol Metab, December 2019, 104(12):5957–5967, Issue 2,2014,Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Volume 22, Issue 2,2014,Pages 189-196, ISSN 1021-9498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.014.
1. Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina. Becoming Vegan (Comprehensive Edition). Book Publishing Company. 2014
2. Ozzard, Andrew et al. “Vitamin D deficiency treated by consuming UVB-irradiated mushrooms.” The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners vol. 58,554 (2008): 644-5. doi:10.3399/bjgp08X341959
3. Urbain, P., Singler, F., Ihorst, G. et al. Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr65, 965–971 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.53
4. Cardwell, Glenn et al. “A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D.” Nutrients vol. 10,10 1498. 13 Oct. 2018, doi:10.3390/nu10101498
1.The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children. Carissa M.Baker-Smith, Sarah D.de Ferranti, William J.Cochran, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, SECTION ON GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION. Pediatrics Nov 2019, 144 (5) e20192765; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2765.
2. Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG. Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia- and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017 Mar;41(3):450-457. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.225. Epub 2016 Dec 13. PMID: 27956737.
根據美國2017~2018的全國健康營養調查 (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES),超級加工食品攝取量在2-19歲的族群中,佔了總熱量的67%,跟1999年相比,上升了5.6%。其中上升最多的是即時食品,從總熱量的2.2%上升到11.2%。
1. Wang L, Martínez Steele E, Du M, et al. Trends in Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods Among US Youths Aged 2-19 Years, 1999-2018. JAMA. 2021;326(6):519–530. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.10238
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016). Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA internal medicine, 176(10), 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182
因為素食飲食比肉類飲食含有更高比例的抗氧化物,科學家便著手觀察飲食習慣跟白內障的關係。英國的EPIC-Oxford研究團隊發現在素食群組中,白內障發生率較低,而由台灣素食營養學會秘書長,邱雪婷,發表在Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics的慈濟健康研究也證明了這點。
2021年5月英國醫學期刊(British Medical Journal, BMJ)發表一篇研究,標題為「Plant-based diets, pescatarian diets and COVID-19 severity: a population-based case– control study in six countries」,此研究為回溯型研究,調查飲食習慣與COVID-19嚴重程度的相關性,結果顯示素食、魚素飲食者的COVID-19嚴重程度較低。
因此,比較好的方式是找有共同特徵的兩個族群,他們大部分的條件都相似,只有我們想研究的項目不一樣。下圖又是另一個簡化的例子。除了飲食以外,兩組的條件都很雷同,如此我們才能比較有信心的斷定,癌症的發生跟飲食有密不可分的關係。我們會看到很多大型的cohort通常會選有共同特徵的人,例如Nurse's Health Study這個cohort都是護理師,除了好比較以外,也比較好追蹤。當然cohort的類型跟研究方法還有很多,不過太複雜了,我們就不在這裡說明。有興趣的朋友可以去參考流行病學的書籍,或是交給厲害的科學家跟統計師吧!
2. 參與Oxford Vegetarian 研究的民眾,很多都轉去EPIC-Oxford 繼續讓研究員追蹤,因此近幾年發表的研究結果都是屬於EPIC-Oxford的 (EPIC-Oxford 是 The Oxford component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition 的縮寫)。
4. 基督復臨安息日會是基督教的一個派別,他們每週六固定休息,而且非常注重健康生活與純素飲食,許多教友都是從事醫療相關的工作。Loma Linda 大學是基督復臨安息日會的學校,有附設醫學院,他們學校的教授長期投入素食研究,算是這領域的開拓者之一。網站:https://adventisthealthstudy.org/studies
參與腎素-血管收縮素系統 (RAAS : Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System) 的酵素其實不只一種。其中肺部產生的ACE可將Angiotensin I 切割成Angiotensin II,後者與AT1R (Ang II Type I receptor)結合後,會引發腎臟重新吸收鈉與水,進而提高血壓。另一個效果則是刺激趨化因子 (chemokine),阻礙血管內皮細胞的功能,促進身體發炎反應。
ACE2則有相反的效果,它可將 Ang I 與 Ang II 由不同的代謝途徑轉化成Ang- (1-7) 因而達到降血壓、抑制發炎反應的效果。ACE與ACE2並非誰是壞人,而是互相監督、調控的平衡關係。
Rhodes JM, Subramanian S, Laird E, Griffin G, Kenny RA. Perspective: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity - plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2 and thrombosis. J Intern Med. 2021;289(1):97-115. doi:10.1111/joim.13149
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 2017; 356: i6583.
Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, Yang P, Sarao R, Wada T, Leong-Poi H, Crackower MA, Fukamizu A, Hui CC, Hein L, Uhlig S, Slutsky AS, Jiang C, Penninger JM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005 Jul 7;436(7047):112-6. doi: 10.1038/nature03712. PMID: 16001071; PMCID: PMC7094998.
Martín Giménez, V.M., Inserra, F., Ferder, L. et al. Vitamin D deficiency in African Americans is associated with a high risk of severe disease and mortality by SARS-CoV-2. J Hum Hypertens (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-020-00398-z
參考資料及文獻: Hall, K.D., et al., Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake. Nat Med, 2021.DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1